PDF is not a stack machine. This is a common misconception.
PostScript was a stack machine with included operators which implemented a set of vector graphics commands. PDF has a similar rendering pipeline, but it renders a set of primitives described directly in the document -- there is no virtual machine involved.
Yes, but it's easy to generate a valid pdf. You just include the features you need and ignore the rest. It's really hard to transform an arbitrary pdf because you need to handle all the features.
Without further information this is more likely to be an Apple bug because they are doing the harder job.
PostScript was a stack machine with included operators which implemented a set of vector graphics commands. PDF has a similar rendering pipeline, but it renders a set of primitives described directly in the document -- there is no virtual machine involved.